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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bone and soft tissue sarcomas, tumors of the skin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bone and soft tissue sarcomas, tumors of the skin</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Саркомы костей, мягких тканей и опухоли кожи</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4614</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-3687</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">372</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BONE SARCOMAS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>САРКОМЫ КОСТЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Extra-axial chordoma. Modern pathology. Clinical presentation of two cases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экстрааксиальная хордома. Современное представление о морфологии и молекулярных механизмах. Обсуждение клинических наблюдений</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boulytcheva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булычева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г.Москва</p></bio><email>irena@boulytcheva.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bertoni</surname><given-names>Franco</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Франко</surname><given-names>Бертони</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bologna</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bacchini</surname><given-names>Patrizia</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баччини</surname><given-names>Патриция</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bologna</p></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sollacc</surname><given-names>Claudio</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клаудио</surname><given-names>Соллацци</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Brandao</surname><given-names>Isabel Cristina</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кристина</surname><given-names>Брандао</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Araujo</surname><given-names>Fernanda	Indelli</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фернанда</surname><given-names>Арауйо</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalil</surname><given-names>Ricardo K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рикардо</surname><given-names>Калил</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Pathology. Central Cancer institution named after	N.N. Blokhin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «РОНЦ им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Bologna &amp; Gruppo San Donato Casa di Cura Villa Erbosa</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Болоньи</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">госпиталь Вилла Эрбоса</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gruppo San Donato Casa di Cura Villa Erbosa</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">госпиталь Вилла Эрбоса</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of	orthopaedic Surgery, Sarah	network of	rehabilitation	hospitals</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Отделение ортопедической хирургии системы госпиталей реабилитации</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of	orthopaedic Surgery, Sarah	network of	rehabilitation	hospitals</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Отделение ортопедической хирургии системы госпиталей реабилитации</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Pathology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff7"><institution>Отделение патологии, центр Камарго</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-04-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>04</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-01-22"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-01-22"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Boulytcheva I.V., Bertoni F., Bacchini P., Sollacc C., Brandao I., Araujo F., Kalil R.K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Булычева И.В., Франко Б., Баччини П., Клаудио С., Кристина Б., Фернанда А., Рикардо К.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Boulytcheva I.V., Bertoni F., Bacchini P., Sollacc C., Brandao I., Araujo F., Kalil R.K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Булычева И.В., Франко Б., Баччини П., Клаудио С., Кристина Б., Фернанда А., Рикардо К.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sarbon.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/372">https://sarbon.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/372</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The very existence of extra-axial chordoma has been questioned since its initial description, and in fact, similar tumor is described in soft tissue in part of a morphological spectrum that includes mixes tumor and myoepithelioma. in bone, the entity has been described as extra-axial chordoma. in any case, only a small number of tumors bearing histological resemblance to axial chordoma arising from the bone or soft tissue outside the axial skeleton have been reported. these lesions have historically been referred to as parachordoma, chordoma periphericum (CP), or extra-axial chordoma (EAC). with the introduction of the immunohistochemical stain brachyury. the very existence of extra-axial chordoma has been questioned since its initial description, and in fact, similar tumor is described in soft tissue in part of a morphological spectrum that includes mixes tumor and myoepithelioma. in bone, the entity has been described as extra-axial chordoma. in any case, only a small number of tumors bearing histological resemblance to axial chordoma arising from the bone or soft tissue outside the axial skeleton have been reported. these lesions have historically been referred to as parachordoma, chordoma periphericum (CP), or extra-axial chordoma (EAC). with the introduction of the immunohistochemical stain brachyury, a sensitive and specific marker for notochordal origin, chordomas arising in extra-axial locations (i.e., CP, EACh), are now diagnosed with more accuracy and distinguished from parachordoma, which resembles chordoma on histology. the differential diagnosis between EAC and parachordoma is clinically important, EACh positive for brachyury tends to grow and recur with local bone destruction. Prior the specific marker brachyury, the diagnosis of EACh was challenging and therefore the imaging features of EACh have not been comprehensively described. now, there are only a few cases reporting the cytogenetics of the entity: trisomy 15 and loss of chromosome 1, 16 and 17 in one case with chromosomal studies, a loss of chromosomes 9, 10, 20 and 22, a loss of chromosome 17 and a structural rearrangement of chromosome 3 [del (3q)] and chromosomes 2 and 4 [t (2p; 4q)] in a recurrent tumor. Because studies about cytogenetics of parachordoma are rare, the characteristic need to be further explored. we report two cases of recurrent EAC confirmed by the expression of brachyury arising from the distal femur and proximal tibia and describe the imaging findings from radiography and mri at initial diagnosis and at recurrence.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Изначально в навании «экстрааксиальная хордома» прослеживается некоторая неопределенность. в монографиях по мягким тканям подобную по гистологическому строению опухоль относят к группе миоэпителиом или к смешанной опухоли, дифференцируют с миксоидной хондросаркомой и называют парахордомой. в публикациях по костной патологии опухоль описывается в неразрывной связи с хордомой. в англоязычной литературе опухоли присвоено название экстрааксиальной хордомы (extra-axial сhodoma). в любом случае дифференциально диагностический лист для указанной группы опухолей един и включает смешанную опухоль, миксоидную хондросаркому, оссифицирующую фибромиксоидную опухоль, а также хордому. дифференциальная диагностика строится на основании клинических проявлений, локализации, но, главное, на основе морфологических признаков, зависящих от преобладания определенного типа клеточных элементов и стромы. известные на сегодняшний день цитогенетические изменения крайне скудны (множественные отклонения с трисомией 15 и моносомией 1, 16, 17; короткие der2(2)5(2;4)del(3q), потеря 9, 19, 20, 22, комплексный кариотип с потерей 1, 2, 6 и короткой der(5)t(1p;5q). генетические поломки не обладают специфичностью и не позволяют с достоверностью объединить парахордому и экстрааксиальную хордому ни с группой миоэпителиальных опухолей, ни с классической хордомой. иммунопероксидазный метод также не характеризуется четкими различиями и демонстрирует перекрестную реактивность с CK 8/18, АЕ1/АЕ3, 14,1/10, 7, 20, САМ5.2, EМА, collagen, СD34, GFAP, calponin. важнейшим диагностическим тестом, позволяющим различить парахордому и экстрааксиальную хордому, является положительная реакция с брахиури, характерная для экстрааксиальной хордомы. с учетом перечисленных особенностей можно предположить, что мы лишь приближаемся к пониманию истинной природы опухоли под названием «экстрааксиальная хордома».</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chordoma</kwd><kwd>parachordoma</kwd><kwd>chordoma periphericum</kwd><kwd>extra-axial chordoma</kwd><kwd>myoepithelioma</kwd><kwd>brachyury</kwd><kwd>bone tumor</kwd><kwd>mri</kwd><kwd>radiography</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хордома</kwd><kwd>парахордома</kwd><kwd>экстрааксиальная хордома</kwd><kwd>миоэпителиома</kwd><kwd>брахиури</kwd><kwd>опухоли костей</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. 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