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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bone and soft tissue sarcomas, tumors of the skin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bone and soft tissue sarcomas, tumors of the skin</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Саркомы костей, мягких тканей и опухоли кожи</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2219-4614</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-3687</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">599</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2219-4614-2023-15-1-44-56</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BONE SARCOMAS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>САРКОМЫ КОСТЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Differentiated chondrosarcoma, variants of transformation of the sarcomatous component of the tumor</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Дедифференцированная хондросаркома</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7592-4249</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulycheva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булычева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Bulycheva.</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Булычева Ирина Владиславовна.</p><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><email>irena@boulytcheva.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-3255</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федорова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3672-1742</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sushentsov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сушенцов</surname><given-names>Е. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6132-9924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-4127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushlinskii</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушлинский</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-20"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-04-23"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Kozlova E.V., Bulycheva I.V., Fedorova A.V., Sushentsov E.A., Kovaleva O.V., Kushlinskii N.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Козлова Е.В., Булычева И.В., Федорова А.В., Сушенцов Е.A., Ковалева О.В., Кушлинский Н.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kozlova E.V., Bulycheva I.V., Fedorova A.V., Sushentsov E.A., Kovaleva O.V., Kushlinskii N.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Козлова Е.В., Булычева И.В., Федорова А.В., Сушенцов Е.A., Ковалева О.В., Кушлинский Н.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sarbon.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/599">https://sarbon.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/599</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. It is generally accepted that dedifferentiated  chondrosarcomas are a result of transformation of low-grade (grade I and II) malignant chondrosarcomas into sarcoma with marked signs of cellular and tissue anaplasia with more aggressive clinical progression. Morphological examination of dedifferentiated  chondrosarcomas allows to detect presence of pre-existent low-grade malignant chondrosarcoma tissue. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas comprise about 10 % of all chondrosarcomas. Most frequently, this tumor is located in the femur, pelvic bones, and humerus. A common clinical complication of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas is pathological fracture. This disease is characterized by more aggressive progression with unfavorable prognosis compared to conventional types of chondrosarcomas.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To study in detail  the  data  of laboratory,  clinical, radiological and morphological examinations of patients with different chondrosarcoma types for refinement of the algorithm of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma examination and diagnosis.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. Between 2008 and 2022, data of 160 patients  with chondrosarcomas of varying locations and differentiation were analyzed. Diagnosis of “cartilaginous tumor” was made in all patients after clinical and radiological exams, as well as preoperative biopsy. Diagnosis of “dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma” was made in 30 patients. Radiological exam included several methods (X-ray, X-ray computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) and modes of patient  examination.  Morphological diagnosis included routine  techniques  of histological analysis with gentle decalcification and subsequent immunohistochemical (PD-L1, PU-1, CD8, CD20, Ki67, CD34) and genetic analyses (<italic>IDH1/IDH2</italic>).</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. Among 160 patients, preoperative biopsy verified the diagnosis of “dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma” only in 6 patients. In 4 patients, the possibility of chondrosarcoma transformation into poorly differentiated sarcoma of non-cartilaginous structure was suspected. At the stage of postoperative material examination, diagnosis of “dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma” was confirmed in 4 patients with suspicion of more malignant tumor transformation and newly made in 20 more patients.  Female patients were a little more common (19/11).  Mean patient  age was 59 years. Pathological fracture at the preoperative stage was observed in 6 patients. In almost one third of the cases (36 %), decreased differentiation of chondrosarcoma compared to preoperative biopsy was observed. It is important for management of these patients that in approximately 13 % of chondrosarcoma cases, recurrence with decreased tumor differentiation is observed.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Radical surgical resection remains the standard treatment of chondrosarcoma as the effectiveness of radio- and chemotherapy is limited though it remains important in dedifferentiated type of the disease. These circumstances lead to the use of tumor immunotherapy targeted at the search for potential use of the immune response for recognition and killing of various malignant cells including dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Consequently, a promising research direction is determination of the significance of tumor-associated macrophages, as well as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as antitumor factors and biomarkers affecting clinical and morphological characteristics of oncological diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Принято считать, что дедифференцированная хондросаркома является результатом трансформации хондросарком низкой степени злокачественности (I и II степеней) в саркому с выраженными признаками клеточно-тканевой анаплазии с более агрессивным клиническим течением. При морфологическом исследовании дедифференцированных хондросарком удается обнаружить присутствие предсуществующей ткани хондросаркомы низкой степени злокачественности. Дедифференцированная хондросаркома составляет около 10 % всех хондросарком. Наиболее часто эта опухоль локализуется в бедренной кости, костях таза и плечевой кости. Нередким клиническим осложнением дедифференцированной  хондросаркомы является возникновение патологического перелома. Для данного заболевания характерно более агрессивное течение с неблагоприятным прогнозом по сравнению с конвенциональными вариантами хондросаркомы.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – детальное изучение данных лабораторного, клинического, лучевого и морфологического обследований пациентов с различными вариантами хондросаркомы для детализации алгоритма обследования и диагностики дедифференцированной хондросаркомы.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. За период с 2008 по 2022 г. были проанализированы данные 160 пациентов с хондросаркомами различных локализаций с разной степенью дифференцировки. Диагноз «хрящевая опухоль» был поставлен всем больным по результатам клинического и лучевого обследований, а также предоперационной биопсии. Диагноз «дедифференцированная хондросаркома» установлен 30 пациентам. Лучевое исследование включало несколько методов (рентгенографию, рентгеновскую компьютерную и магнитно-резонансную томографию) и режимов обследования пациентов. Морфологическая диагностика включала применение рутинных методов гистологического исследования с режимами щадящей декальцинации и последующим применением иммуногистохимического (PD-L1, PU-1, CD8, CD20, Ki67, CD34) и генетического исследований (<italic>IDH1/IDH2</italic>).</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Из 160 больных на этапе предоперационной биопсии диагноз «дедифференцированная хондросаркома» верифицирован лишь у 6 больных. У 4 пациентов заподозрена возможность трансформации хондросаркомы в низкодифференцированную саркому нехрящевой структуры. На этапе исследования послеоперационного материала диагноз «дедифференцированная хондросаркома» подтвержден у 4 больных с подозрением на более злокачественную трансформацию опухоли и вновь установлен еще у 20 пациентов. Незначительно преобладали пациентки женского пола (19/11).  Средний возраст больных составил 59 лет. Патологический перелом на предоперационном этапе выявлен у 6 пациентов. Практически в трети случаев (36 %) отмечалось понижение степени дифференцировки хондросарком по сравнению с предоперационной биопсией. Для тактики ведения данных пациентов также немаловажно, что приблизительно в 13 % случаев хондросарком наблюдается рецидивирование с понижением степени дифференцировки опухоли.</p><p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Стандартом  лечения хондросаркомы остается радикальная хирургическая резекция, эффективность лучевой и химиотерапии ограничена, но чрезвычайно важна при дедифференцированном варианте заболевания. Данные обстоятельства привели к использованию иммунотерапии опухолей, нацеленной на поиск потенциального применения иммунного ответа для распознавания и гибели клеток различных злокачественных новообразований, в том числе дедифференцированной хондросаркомы. В связи с этим перспективным направлением исследований является определение значения макрофагов, ассоциированных с опухолью, а также опухоль-инфильтрирующих лимфоцитов как проопухолевых факторов и биомаркеров, влияющих на клинико-морфологические характеристики различных онкологических заболеваний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tumor transformation</kwd><kwd>undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma</kwd><kwd>IDH1 and IDH2 gene</kwd><kwd>programmed death ligand-1</kwd><kwd>tumor tissue environment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансформация опухоли</kwd><kwd>недифференцированная плеоморфная саркома</kwd><kwd>гены IDH1 и IDH2</kwd><kwd>лиганд рецептора программируемой клеточной гибели 1</kwd><kwd>опухолевое поле</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Inwards С., Hohendorm P.C.W. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. 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